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<html lang="en" class="hexml-course s2e"><!--[if lt IE 8]> <html class="oldie"> <![endif]--><!--Generated at Wed, 12 Oct 2022 23:23:12 +0000--><head><meta name="author" content='["Carole Dobrich"]'><meta name="course" content="MA03"><meta name="topic" content="2.1"><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="copyright" content="2022 Health e-Learning"><meta name="robots" content="NONE,NOARCHIVE"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0"><link rel="stylesheet" href="//static.health-e-learning.com/jigsaw/design/hexml.pack.css?v=1665616992" type="text/css"><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="//static.health-e-learning.com/jigsaw/design/hexml.pack.js?v=1665616992"></script><title>MA03: A Code History Timeline</title></head><body class="loading"><div class="ajax-modal Fixed"></div><div class="watermark"><span>Health e-Learning</span></div><div id="access"><a href="#access" accesskey="a">Access Keys</a><a href="#menu" accesskey="m">Skip to Menu</a><a href="#content" accesskey="c">Skip to Content</a><a href="#footer" accesskey="f">Skip to Footer</a></div><div id="nav"><span class="nav-menu">Maintaining BFHI Education for Nurses and Midwives - Series 2</span><a id="hamburger" href="#"><span class="hamburger hamburger--collapse"><span class="hamburger-box"><span class="hamburger-inner"></span></span></span></a><div class="progress-container"><div id="myBar" class="progress-bar"></div></div></div><nav id="menu"><ol><li><a href="topic_1-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">1.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Introduction</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_2-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">2.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Protection of Breastfeeding [Domain 1]</span></a><ol><li class="current mm-selected"><a href="topic_2-1.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">2.1 <i class="fa fa-caret-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><span class="menu-item-title">A Code History Timeline</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_2-2.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">2.2 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Marketing - the role of the International Code</span></a></li></ol></li><li><a href="topic_3-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">3.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Understanding the importance of skin-to-skin</span></a><ol><li><a href="topic_3-1.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">3.1 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Infant innate behaviours</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_3-2.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">3.2 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Skin-to-skin and the role of the Health Worker</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_3-3.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">3.3 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Addressing barriers to skin-to-skin</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_3-4.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">3.4 </span><span class="menu-item-title">The loving relationship</span></a></li></ol></li><li><a href="topic_4-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">4.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Postnatal Interventions</span></a><ol><li><a href="topic_4-1.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">4.1 </span><span class="menu-item-title">The chemistry of feeding</span></a></li></ol></li><li><a href="topic_5-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">5.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Special needs and infant challenges [Domain 6]</span></a><ol><li><a href="topic_5-1.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">5.1 </span><span class="menu-item-title">The 'late preterm' 'early term' baby</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_5-2.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">5.2 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Ankyloglossia</span></a></li></ol></li><li><a href="topic_6-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">6.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Managing common difficulties</span></a><ol><li><a href="topic_6-1.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">6.1 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Engorgement</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_6-2.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">6.2 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Hyperlactation</span></a></li></ol></li><li><a href="topic_7-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">7.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Supplementation</span></a><ol><li><a href="topic_7-1.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">7.1 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Feeding-line device at the breast or chest</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_7-2.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">7.2 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Cup feeding</span></a></li><li><a href="topic_7-3.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">7.3 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Finger Feeding</span></a></li></ol></li><li><a href="topic_8-0.html"><span class="menu-item-icon">8.0 </span><span class="menu-item-title">Closing session</span></a><hr></li><li class="appendix"><a href="references.html"><span class="menu-item-icon no-topic"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-book i-topic"></i></span><span class="menu-item-title">List of references</span></a></li><li class="appendix"><a href="contents.html"><span class="menu-item-icon no-topic"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-file-text-o i-topic"></i></span><span class="menu-item-title">Course contents</span></a></li><li class="appendix"><a href="full.html"><span class="menu-item-icon no-topic"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-print i-topic"></i></span><span class="menu-item-title">Print version</span></a></li></ol></nav><div id="content"><h1 id="top">2.1 A Code History Timeline</h1><section class="section" id="A_Little_History_behind_the_Code"><h2>A Little History behind the Code</h2> <div class="content-node"> <p> <strong>1930's</strong> </p> <ul> <li>Dr. Cicely Williams (Paediatrician) was the first health professional to make a link between the promotion of breastmilk substitutes (BS), declining breastfeeding rates, and increased infant-young child malnutrition, morbidity, and mortality.</li> <li>In 1939 she addressed the Rotary club in Singapore, her speech was called Milk and Murder. Sadly it took another 50 years before governments accepted breastfeeding as a topic to be actioned.</li> </ul> <p> <strong>1940-50s - After World War II</strong> </p> <ul> <li>Increased sales of infant formula, bottles, and teats.</li> <li>Misguided perception by health professionals and the public that commercial infant milk feeding was scientifically equal to human milk.</li> <li>This cultural perception that commercial infant milk feeding is modern is maintained today in many parts of the world through product marketing and promotion.</li> </ul> <p> <strong>1960's</strong> </p> <ul> <li>Dr. Derrick Jelliffe – an expert in infant nutrition coined the term ‘commerciogenic malnutrition’ to describe how industry marketing practices impact infant health.</li> <li>He coined the phrase 'commerciogenic malnutrition' to refer to infant starvation caused by inappropriate promotion and use of infant formula or bottle feeding in areas with low income and poor water supplies.</li> </ul> <p> <strong>1970's</strong> </p> <ul> <li>Campaigns were started to halt the unethical promotion/marketing of infant milk.</li> <li>The report Baby Killer was published by War on Wants which was translated by Bern Third World Action Group (AgDW) into German as “Nestlé tötet Babies” or in English “Nestle kills babies”.</li> <li>Nestle sued AgDW (NGO) for libel and won on a technicality.</li> <li>The judge warned Nestle to change its marketing practices and the NGO receives a token fine.</li> <li>The long-standing Nestle boycott began and continues today.</li> <li>In 1979, WHO and UNICEF held a joint international meeting on Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF).</li> <li>The meeting included representatives from the baby milk/food industry.</li> <li>Recommendations were made on IYCF.</li> <li>The most significant recommendation – There should be an International Code of Marketing of infant formula and other products used as breastmilk substitutes.</li> </ul> <p> <strong>1980's</strong> </p> <ul> <li>WHO/UNICEF is charged with drafting a Code to regulate the marketing of breastmilk substitutes.</li> <li> <em>"May 1981: After several drafts, the Code is adopted, by resolution WHA 34.22 with a roll-call vote of 118-1. After pushing for weaker recommendations rather than a binding regulation, the US was the only country to vote against the Code’s adoption. The US business sector had successfully lobbied the administration to believe that the Code would set a precedent in allowing UN agencies to interfere with business interests". </em> </li> </ul> <p>To read more about the history of the Code you can download the handout <img alt="External" src="//static.health-e-learning.com/jigsaw/design/external.gif"><a href="https://www.aliveandthrive.org/en/resources/timeline-of-the-international-code-of-the-marketing-of-breastmilk-substitutes" title="External link" target="_blank">Timeline of the International Code of the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes</a> from the Alive and Thrive website. There are also excellent International Code resources <img alt="External" src="//static.health-e-learning.com/jigsaw/design/external.gif"><a href="https://www.aliveandthrive.org/en/bms-code" title="External link" target="_blank">here. </a></p> <p>Take the time to view this link called "<img alt="External" src="//static.health-e-learning.com/jigsaw/design/external.gif"><a href="https://express.adobe.com/page/uNwlQ5zsQ1Ccy/" title="External link" target="_blank">Putting Babies Before Profits: The History of The Deadly Fight Against The Formula Industry.</a>" It traces the history from when <em>Nestlé claims that its founder, Henri Nestlé, invented the world's first artificial infant food in 1867 </em>to the 40th anniversary of the International Code in May 2021.</p> </div> <blockquote> <div class="content-node"> <p>In the words of Halfdan Mahler (WHO DG 1973-88), ‘Without the NGOs, without their constant lobbying, reminding us of our duty as public health officers, even harassing us for months on end, without all that, there would have never been a Code. WHO would simply not have had the courage to get on with it.</p> </div> </blockquote> <section class="section" id=""> <div class="captionBox videobox"><div class="youtube" data-embed="1-_yitXcHU0"><div class="play-button"></div></div><p>Clip taken from the 1984 BBC/Baby Milk Action Film When Breast are Bad for Business. <br>&copy; 1984 BBC/Baby Milk Action</p></div><button class="showSection">Show/hide the transcript</button><div class="transcript" style="display: none"> <div class="content-node"></div> </div> <div class="content-node"> <p>The 1978 US Senate Hearing on the marketing of formula in developing countries and Senator Edward Kennedy cross-questioning Nestlé about its marketing of breastmilk substitutes in the developing world. This instigated the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, which was adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1981. The International Code is a benchmark for good practice and is used by governments all over the world to protect infant and young child health from unethical marketing.<br>
For more information see <img alt="External" src="//static.health-e-learning.com/jigsaw/design/external.gif"><a href="http://www.babymilkaction.org" title="External link" target="_blank">www.babymilkaction.org</a></p> </div> </section> </section><div id="footer"><a href="topic_2-0.html" rel="prev" class="prev">&laquo; Prev</a><a href="topic_2-2.html" rel="next" class="next">Next &raquo;</a><br style="clear: both"><div class="floating-menu"><button class="theme-toggle" title="Toggle colors (dark or light)"><i class="fa fa-moon-o"></i></button><button class="gotoTop" title="Back to top"><i class="fa fa-chevron-up"></i></button></div><a href="javascript:%20window.print()" id="printLink">Print this page</a><span class="noPrint"> | </span>&copy; 2022 Health e-Learning<p class="printOnly">COPYRIGHT: You are permitted to print ONE (1) copy for your personal use only. No graphics, tables, quizzes, videos, etc, may be used in any form without express written consent. Author: ["Carole Dobrich"]</p><p class="dateUpdated">Updated on Wed, 12 Oct 2022 23:23:12 +0000</p></div></div></body></html>
