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    <meta name="author" content="Denise Fisher" />
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      <h1 id="top">1.6 Contraindications to breastfeeding</h1>
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            <td class="body"><img src="images/key_icon.gif" class="icon" alt="" /><h3>Key Points - Case Study A</h3>
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			Joanne, aged 32, a regular patient, comes to see you when she is 12 weeks pregnant with her first baby. She has just returned from a trip around Australia and her pregnancy was confirmed by a doctor in the town they were in at the time. She has copies of her baseline blood tests with her and all are normal.
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			Would you discuss breastfeeding at this visit?
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		<dl><dt><a href="topic_1-1.html"><cite>Topic 1.1: Discussing breastfeeding</cite></a></dt><dd class="topic-paragraph">It is important that doctors discuss infant feeding decisions and breastfeeding with women early in a pregnancy rather than waiting until the third trimester or after the baby is born.</dd></dl>
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			What information would you give?
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		<dl><dt><a href="topic_1-2.html"><cite>Topic 1.2: What information to give</cite></a></dt><dd class="topic-paragraph">When discussing infant feeding with mothers it is important to note that alternatives to breastfeeding have many undesirable outcomes.</dd></dl>
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			Why do breastfeeding alternatives have different effects?
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		<dl><dt><a href="topic_1-3.html"><cite>Topic 1.3: Effects of Breastfeeding alternatives</cite></a></dt><dd class="topic-paragraph">These effects are due in part to the presence in breast milk of substances and systems that act against infections and inflammation.</dd></dl>
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			What are mothers' common and valid concerns about breastfeeding?
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		<dl><dt><a href="topic_1-4.html"><cite>Topic 1.4: Common breastfeeding concerns</cite></a></dt><dd class="topic-paragraph">Exploring her concerns and providing information and reassurance is useful in allaying anxiety and prepares the parents for their changing role.</dd></dl>
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			Would you examine her breasts at this visit?
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		<dl><dt><a href="topic_1-5.html"><cite>Topic 1.5: Breast examination</cite></a></dt><dd class="topic-paragraph">Examine Joanne's breasts now and again in the third trimester. Examining a mother's breasts and nipples early in pregnancy emphasises the importance of breastfeeding, provides reassurance for most women that they are 'normal', allows the identification of any variations that may cause problems.</dd></dl>
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			What are the contraindications to breastfeeding?
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		<dl><dt><a href="topic_1-6.html"><cite>Topic 1.6: Contraindications to breastfeeding</cite></a></dt><dd class="topic-paragraph">There are very few conditions when women should be discouraged from breastfeeding, including active tuberculosis, HIV, human T-cell leukaemia virus Type 1, brucellosis, some medications, illicit drug use and classic galactosaemia and some inborn errors of metabolism in the infant.</dd></dl>
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			What are the contraindications to breastfeeding?
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		<p>There are very few conditions when women should be discouraged from breastfeeding</p>
		<div class="section" id="Active_tuberculosis"><h3>Active tuberculosis</h3>
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				Infants of mothers with active tuberculosis are at increased risk of infection whether they are breastfed or not. When a mother is initially diagnosed with active TB and is thought to be infectious, it is recommended that she be separated from her infant for as short a time as possible - until she is having adequate anti-tuberculous treatment and the infant is receiving prophylaxis. The mother can continue to provide breastmilk for her infant during the period of separation as long as she does not have tuberculous mastitis<sup><a href="#note1">1</a>,</sup><sup><a href="#note2">2</a></sup>.
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		<div class="section" id="HIV"><h3>HIV</h3>
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				<p class="listTitle">Because of the risk of transmission of HIV from mother to infant via breastmilk, WHO recommends that when replacement feeding is</p><ul><li>acceptable,</li><li>feasible,</li><li>affordable,</li><li>sustainable, and</li><li>safe</li></ul><p class="listFoot">it is recommend that HIV-infected mothers avoid all breastfeeding.</p> 
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					If the available replacement feeding does not meet all of these criteria, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life.<sup><a href="#note3">3</a></sup> This recommendation is supported by the NHMRC in Australia<sup><a href="#note4">4</a></sup>. In Australia most women with HIV would be advised not to breastfeed.
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		<div class="section" id="Human_T-cell_Leukaemia_Virus_Type_1"><h3>Human T-cell Leukaemia Virus Type 1</h3>
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				This retrovirus is endemic in the Caribbean, South America, sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Japan and is associated with the development of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma and a progressive neuropathy. As well as being transmitted via sexual contact and with blood and blood products, it is also transmitted via breastmilk  the longer the exposure to breastmilk the greater the risk of transmission<sup><a href="#note1">1</a></sup>.
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		<div class="section" id="Brucellosis"><h3>Brucellosis</h3>
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				Brucella sp. can probably be transmitted via breastmilk although active infection in the infant has not been demonstrated. Breastmilk can be expressed and discarded until the mother has had 48-72 hours of appropriate treatment<sup><a href="#note1">1</a></sup>.
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		<div class="section" id="Medications"><h3>Medications</h3>
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				There are very few situations where the need for medications results in an absolute contraindication for breastfeeding. In most instances there are alternative medications that are compatible with breastfeeding. Drugs that are absolutely contraindicated (until not detectable in breastmilk) are antimetabolites and radiopharmaceuticals used in therapeutic doses.
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		<div class="section" id="Illicit_drug_use"><h3>Illicit drug use</h3>
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				Illicit use of drugs such as cocaine and PCP (angel dust) by a mother are known to have a detrimental effect on her breastfed infant and are absolutely contraindicated during lactation. There is limited or no data on the effect of other illicit drugs on breastfed infants. Considering the frequent concomitant use of illicit drugs, the uncertainty of dose and purity of the drugs and impairment of the mother, there must be concern about women who continue to use illicit drugs while breastfeeding<sup><a href="#note5">5</a>,</sup><sup><a href="#note6">6</a></sup>.
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		<div class="section" id="Classic_galactosaemia_and_some_inborn_errors_of_metabolism_in_the_infant"><h3>Classic galactosaemia and some inborn errors of metabolism in the infant</h3><sup><a href="#note7">7</a></sup>
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				These are very rare and require specialist assessment and treatment.
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      <div class="section display-accordion" id="Conditions_that_are_NOT_a_contraindication_to_breastfeeding."><h2>Conditions that are NOT a contraindication to breastfeeding.</h2>
		<div class="section" id="Hepatitis_B"><h3>Hepatitis B</h3>
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				The rate of vertical transmission of Hepatitis B via breast milk is low, even though viral DNA has been recovered from breastmilk. With passive and active immunization of the infant soon after birth the transmission rate is similar regardless of the infant feeding method. Infection with hepatitis B is not a contraindication for breastfeeding<sup><a href="#note1">1</a>,</sup><sup><a href="#note2">2</a>,</sup><sup><a href="#note8">8</a></sup>.
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		<div class="section" id="Hepatitis_C"><h3>Hepatitis C</h3>
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				Studies have not demonstrated an increase in vertical transmission in infants who have been breastfed and therefore there is no contraindication for women who are HCV antibody positive to breastfeed<sup><a href="#note7">7</a>,</sup><sup><a href="#note9">9</a></sup>. Because of the theoretical risk of transmission through blood, it is recommended that mothers with cracked or bleeding nipples express and discard milk from the affected breast until the nipples have healed<sup><a href="#note1">1</a>,</sup><sup><a href="#note2">2</a>,</sup><sup><a href="#note9">9</a></sup>.
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		<div class="section" id="Pregnancy"><h3>Pregnancy</h3>
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				There is no reason for a mother to wean her child if she becomes pregnant again. There is no evidence that continued breastfeeding has adverse effects on a normal pregnancy, the growing foetus or older child. Many women experience nipple tenderness during the first trimester and a gradual reduction in milk supply encourages many children to wean during this time. However, some continue to breastfeed throughout the pregnancy and are tandem fed with the new baby<sup><a href="#note10">10</a></sup>
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      <div id="footnotes">
        <h3>Notes</h3>
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          <li id="note1"><a href="references.html#lawr05" title="See full details">#</a> Lawrence RM (2005) Transmission of infectious diseases through breast milk and breastfeeding</li>
          <li id="note2"><a href="references.html#bues07" title="See full details">#</a> Buescher ES (2007) Human milk and infectious disease</li>
          <li id="note3"><a href="references.html#worl03" title="See full details">#</a> World Health Organization (2003) HIV and infant feeding: guidelines for decision makers</li>
          <li id="note4"><a href="references.html#nati03" title="See full details">#</a> National Health (2003) Dietary guidelines for children and adolescents in Australia incorporating the infant feeding guidelines for health workers</li>
          <li id="note5"><a href="references.html#mcaf07" title="See full details">#</a> McAfee G ( 2007) Drugs of abuse and breastfeeding.</li>
          <li id="note6"><a href="references.html#lawr05a" title="See full details">#</a> Lawrence RA et al. (2005) Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession</li>
          <li id="note7"><a href="references.html#gart05" title="See full details">#</a> Gartner LM et al. (2005) Breastfeeding and the use of human milk</li>
          <li id="note8"><a href="references.html#gart05a" title="See full details">#</a> Gartrell N (2005) Not tonight dear, the kids have earaches. What happens to a lesbian couple post-partum?</li>
          <li id="note9"><a href="references.html#macd03" title="See full details">#</a> MacDonald M et al. (2003) Preventing transmission of hepatitis C</li>
          <li id="note10"><a href="references.html#lawr05b" title="See full details">#</a> Lawrence RA (2005) Reproductive function during lactation</li>
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      <h1>Breastfeeding Essentials</h1>
      <ol>
        <li>0.1 <a href="topic_0-1.html">Introduction</a></li>
        <li>1.0 <a href="topic_1-0.html">Case Study A (Joanne)</a><ol><li>1.1 <a href="topic_1-1.html">Discussing breastfeeding</a></li><li>1.2 <a href="topic_1-2.html">What information to give</a></li><li>1.3 <a href="topic_1-3.html">Effects of Breastfeeding alternatives</a></li><li>1.4 <a href="topic_1-4.html">Common breastfeeding concerns</a></li><li>1.5 <a href="topic_1-5.html">Breast examination</a></li><li class="current">1.6 <img src="design/bullet_arrow_right.png" alt="*" title="You are here" /><a href="topic_1-6.html">Contraindications to breastfeeding</a></li><li>1.7 <a href="topic_1-7.html">Conditions related to lactation outcomes</a></li><li>1.8 <a href="topic_1-8.html">Medications</a></li></ol></li>
        <li>2.0 <a href="topic_2-0.html">Case Study B (Joanne)</a><ol><li>2.1 <a href="topic_2-1.html">Preparation Before Birth</a></li><li>2.2 <a href="topic_2-2.html">Birthing Factors that Affect Breastfeeding</a></li><li>2.3 <a href="topic_2-3.html">Management After Birth</a></li><li>2.4 <a href="topic_2-4.html">Poor Attachment</a></li><li>2.5 <a href="topic_2-5.html">Hypoglycaemia</a></li><li>2.6 <a href="topic_2-6.html">Relationship between Jaundice and Breastfeeding</a></li></ol></li>
        <li>3.0 <a href="topic_3-0.html">Case Study C (Joanne)</a><ol><li>3.1 <a href="topic_3-1.html">Early problems</a></li><li>3.2 <a href="topic_3-2.html">Risk of SIDS</a></li><li>3.3 <a href="topic_3-3.html">Contraception</a></li><li>3.4 <a href="topic_3-4.html">Milk composition</a></li><li>3.5 <a href="topic_3-5.html">Slowing of growth</a></li><li>3.6 <a href="topic_3-6.html">Introducing solids</a></li><li>3.7 <a href="topic_3-7.html">Weaning</a></li></ol></li>
        <li>4.0 <a href="topic_4-0.html">Case Study D (Sally)</a><ol><li>4.1 <a href="topic_4-1.html">Initial assessment</a></li><li>4.2 <a href="topic_4-2.html">Milk production</a></li><li>4.3 <a href="topic_4-3.html">Causes of inadequate infant growth</a></li><li>4.4 <a href="topic_4-4.html">Increasing milk supply</a></li></ol></li>
        <li>5.0 <a href="topic_5-0.html">Case Study E (Anna)</a><ol><li>5.1 <a href="topic_5-1.html">Sore nipples</a></li><li>5.2 <a href="topic_5-2.html">Factors causing nipple damage</a></li><li>5.3 <a href="topic_5-3.html">General treatment for sore nipples</a></li><li>5.4 <a href="topic_5-4.html">Further causes of nipple pain</a></li><li>5.5 <a href="topic_5-5.html">Mastitis – diagnosis</a></li><li>5.6 <a href="topic_5-6.html">Mastitis – treatment and complications</a></li></ol></li>
        <li>6.0 <a href="topic_6-0.html">In conclusion</a><hr /></li>
        <li class="appendix"> <a href="references.html">List of references</a></li>
        <li class="appendix"> <a href="contents.html">Course contents</a></li>
        <li class="appendix"> <a href="full.html">Print version</a></li>
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